Skip to content
Journal On Tourism & Sustainability/JOURNAL ON TOURISM & SUSTAINABILITY/Article
Article recordVersion of recordOpen accessVol. 1 No. 2 (2018): JOURNAL ON TOURISM & SUSTAINABILITYMay 30, 2026DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20464830

Impact of Tourism on Indigenous Bote Community of Chitwan National Park

Tourism acts as an economic incentive that improves the livelihood of an indigenous community residing enclosed in protected areas, helps to mitigate existing park people conflict and paves a path towards sustainable bi…

  • Contributor 1
  • Contributor 2

Reader actions

Resolve identifiers and download the published files.

View DOIDownload PDF
Abstract
Reader HTML view for the published article record.

Tourism acts as an economic incentive that improves the livelihood of an indigenous community residing enclosed in protected areas, helps to mitigate existing park people conflict and paves a path towards sustainable biodiversity conservation. However, it is essential to monitor and evaluate the benefit of tourism to different aspects of such indigenous communities. This paper explores the socio–cultural, economic and environmental impacts of tourism on the indigenous Bote community residing within the buffer zone area of Chitwan National Park. The study used mixed method for an in-depth tourism impact analysis on the Bote community. This study indicates that there is no socio-cultural impact on the indigenous Bote community. However, a weak positive impact on the economic and environmental aspects of the indigenous Bote community was found. This community is incapable of reaping a significant amount of potential tourism benefits despite their area having a strong destination image within Nepal’s tourism industry. Keywords: Tourism impact, Indigenous Bote community, Chitwan National Park

References
Publication output reuses the stored scholarly reference text rather than a second reference system.
  1. 1.Acharya. (2010). Livelihood Strategy of Bote C ommunity: A Case Study of Bote Community of Patihani VDC of Chitwan. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 4, 247 - 260.
  2. 2.Baral, A. N. (2013). Impacts of Wildlife Tourism on Poaching of Greater One - horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Chitw an National Park, Nepal . Unpublished Master thesis, Lincoln University .
  3. 3.Beaumont, N. (2001). Ecotourism and conservation ethic: Recruiting the Uninitiated or Preaching to. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(4), 317 - 341.
  4. 4.Blake, A., Arbache, J., Sinclair, M., & Teles, V. (2008). Tourism and poverty relief. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 107 – 126.
  5. 5.Boo, E. (1993). Ecotourism planning in protected areas. In K. Lindberg, & D. Hawkins, Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers (Vol. 1, pp. 15 - 54). North Bennington, Vermont, USA: The ecotourism society.
  6. 6.Bookbinder, M. P., Dinerstein, E., Rijal, A., Hank, C., & Arup, R. (1998). Ecotourism’s Support of Biodiversity Conservation. Conservation Biology, 12(6), 1399 – 1404.
  7. 7.Butler, R., & Pearce, D. (1998). Touris m and Recreation in Rural areas. New York, USA: John Willey and Sons.
  8. 8.Chitwan National Park. (2016). Annual Report 2072/2073. Kasara, Chitwan: Government of Nepal, Chitwan National Park. Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Gilbert, D., Shepherd, R., & Wanhill, S. (2 000). Tourism Principles and Practice. New York, USA: Longman.
  9. 9.Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation. (2015). Chitwan National Park and it's
  10. 10.Buffer zone Management Plan 2013 - 2017. Kasara, Chitwan: Chitwan National Park Office.
  11. 11.Eagles, P. F. , McCool, S. F., & Haynes, C. D. (2002). Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning and Management. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.
  12. 12.Europarc Federation. (2010). European Charter for Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas. R egensburg, Germany: Europarc Federation.
  13. 13.Flora, C., Flora, J., & Fey, S. (2004). Rural communities: Legacy and change Boulder. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
  14. 14.Gerald, G. (2000). An Analysis of Ecotourism Contribution and Development: Identification of P otential Economic Incentives to Maximise Ecotourism Benefits - A case study of Taman Rimba Kenong (Kenong Forest Park). WWF - Malaysia.
  15. 15.Gotham, K. F. ( 2005). Tourism Gentrification: The Case of New Orleans’ Vieux Carre (French Quarter). Urban Studies, 42(7 ), 1099 – 1121. 32
  16. 16.Inskeep, E. (1991). Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable Development Approach. New York, USA: Van Nortrand Reinhold .
  17. 17.Jana, S. (2008). Protecting People in Protected Areas. Kathmandu: Community Development Organization. Kiss, A. (2 004). Is community - based ecotourism a good use of biodiversity conservation funds? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19(5), 232 - 237.
  18. 18.Lamsal, S. (2012). The park - people conflict in the Chitwan National Park with reference to the Asiatic one - horned rhinoceros. Unpublished thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).
  19. 19.Le Quesne, T., & Calversy, G. (1998). A Greater Addo National Park, Issues, Costs and Policies: A Preliminary Review. Port Elizabeth, South Africa: South African Environ ment Project.
  20. 20.Leung, Y. - F. L., Spenceley, A. S., Hvenegaard, G., & Buckley, R. (2015). Tourism and Visitor Management in Protected Areas: Guidelines for sustainability. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines(XX).
  21. 21.Mochechela, M. M. (2010). The Socio - Econom ic impact of tourism on communities around the Pilanesberg National Park, North - West province, South Afrcia. Mankweng, Limpopo, South Africa: Unpublished Master ’ s thesis: University of Limpopo .
  22. 22.Nepal, S., & Weber, K. (1993). Struggle for existence: Park - People Conflict in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Bangkok, Thailand: Asian Institute of Technology.
  23. 23.Novelli, M., & Scarth, A. (2007). Tourism in Protected Areas: Integrating Conservation and Community Development in Liwonde National Park (Malawi) . Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 4(1), 47 - 73.
  24. 24.Nyaupane, G. P., & Poudel, S. (2011). Linkages among biodiversity, livelihood, and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1344 – 1366.
  25. 25.Page. (2005). Tourism Management: Managing for Change. New York: Elsvier Butterworth Heinemann.
  26. 26.Page, S., & Connell, J. (2006). Tourism, Modern Synthesis. Austria: Thomson Learning.
  27. 27.Pandit, S. (2012). Marginalization of the Tharu Ethnic Group in Tourism Development in Nepal. Turizam, 16(2), 40 - 49.
  28. 28.Park, M., & Stokowski, P. A. (2009). Social disruption theory and crime in rural communities: Comparisons across three levels of tourism growth. Tourism Management, 30(6), 905 - 915.
  29. 29.Paudel. (2016). Protected Areas, People and Tourism: Political Ecology of Conservation in Nepal. Journal of Forest and Livelihood, 14(1), 13 - 27.
  30. 30.Paudel, K., Adhikari, D., & Paudel, S. (2007). Reframing Livelihoods Strategies: Musahar/Bote's Changing Livelihoods Contexts and their Responses to Diverse Development Interventions. Kathmandu, Nep al: Environmental Resources Institute.
  31. 31.Pillay, M., & Rogerson, C. (2013). Agriculture - tourism linkages and pro - poor impacts: The accommodation sector of urban coastal KwaZulu - Natal, South Africa. Applied Geography Pillay, 36, 49 - 58.
  32. 32.Rabbany, M. G., Afrin, S., Rahman, A., Islam, F., & Hoque, F. (2013). Environmental effects of tourism. American Journal of Environment, Energy and Power Research, 1(7), 117 - 130.
  33. 33.Ross, S., & Wall, G. (1999). Ecotourism: Towards congruence between theory and practice. Tourism Man agement, 20, 123 - 132.
  34. 34.Rusu, S. (2011). Tourism Multiplier effect. Journal of Economics and Business Research, 1, 70 - 76. 33
  35. 35.Salafsky, N., & Wollenberg, E. (2000). Linking Livelihoods and Conservation: A Conceptual Framework and Scale for Assessing the Integrat ion of Human Needs and Biodiversit. World Development, 28(8), 1421 - 1438.
  36. 36.Sandbrook, C. G. (2010). Putting leakage in its place: The significance of retained tourism revenue in the local context in Rural Uganda. Journal of International Development, 22(1), 124 - 136.
  37. 37.Sebele, L. (2010). Community - based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Central District, Botswana. Tourism Management, 31(1), 114 - 136.
  38. 38.Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. (2004). Guidelines on Biodiversity and Tourism Development. Montreal, Quebec: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
  39. 39.Sharma, Poudyal, & Heeramani. (1985). Bote bhasa ko addhyan (Study of Bote language). Parbat, Nepal: Indira Sharma poudyal.
  40. 40.Simpson, M. (2008). Community Benefit Tourism Initiatives — A conceptual oxymoron? Tourism Management, 29(1), 1 - 18.
  41. 41.Stone, T. M. (2013). Protected Areas, Tourism and Rural Community Livelihoods in Botswana. Tempe, Arizona, USA: Unpublished PHD thesis, Arizona State University.
  42. 42.Subba, S. (1989). Botes: The Ferrymen of Tanahun. Gorkha, Nepal: Manakamana Boarding School.
  43. 43.Sunlu, U. (2003). Environmental impacts of tourism. Local resources and global trades: Environments and argiculture in Mediterranean region, 52, 263 - 270.
  44. 44.Tosun, C. (2006). Expected nature of community participation in tourism development. Tourism Management, 27(3), 493 - 504.
  45. 45.Van Harsel, J. (1994). Tourism; An Explanation. Englehood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  46. 46.Wall, G., & Mathieson, A. (2006). Tourism Change, Impacts and Opportunities. Cape Town, South Africa: Pearson, Prentice Hall .
  47. 47.Weaver, D., & Lawton, L. (2002). Tourism Management. Brisbane, Australia: Wiley and Sons.
  48. 48.Wells. (1997). Economic Perspectives of Nature Tourism, Conservation and Development. Env ironment economic series.
  49. 49.World Tourism Organization. (2017). UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2017 Edition. Calle Poeta Joan Maragall, Madrid, Spain: World Touirsm Organization. Retrieved 11 12, 2017, from https://www.e - unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284419029
  50. 50.Wo rld Travel and Tourism Council. (2017). Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2017 Nepal. London, UK: World Travel and Tourism Council. Retrieved 11 12, 2017, from www.wttc.org
  51. 51.Wright, W., Aryal, A., Poudel, B., & Wagle, R. (2017). Shifting paradigms for Nepa l’s protected areas: History, challenges and relationships. Journal of Mountain Science, 14, 964 - 979.
  52. 52.WWF. (2013). A study on promoting community managed ecotourism in CHAL & TAL. WWF Nepal, Hariyo Ban Program me . Corresponding Authors : Dr. Gangaram Biswak arma, Assistant Professor, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. E mail: drgrbiswa@gmail.com . & Prateek Gurung, email: Prateek14gooner@gmail.com 34